OntoGSN
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OntoGSN

Release: 20th February 2025

Modified on: 21st January 2026
Latest version:
https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology
Revision:
1.2.1
Authors:
Tomas Bueno Momčilović
Contributors:
Barbara Gallina, Dian Balta, Ingmar Kessler
Publisher:
https://www.fortiss.org/
Source:
The Assurance Case Working Group (ACWG). (2021 May). Goal Structuring Notation Community Standard Version 3. URL: https://scsc.uk/scsc-141c
Download serialization:
JSON-LD RDF/XML N-Triples TTL
License:
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Visualization:
Visualize with WebVowl
Evaluation:
Evaluate with OOPS!
Cite as:
Bueno Momcilovic, T., Gallina, B., Kessler, I., Hendricks, J., & Balta, D. (2025). OntoGSN: An Ontology-Based Framework for Semantic Management and Extension of Assurance Cases. Retrieved from https://fortiss.github.io/OntoGSN/

Introduction back to ToC

Description back to ToC

OntoGSN is an ontology for semantically managing and extending assurance cases in the Goal Structuring Notation (GSN). The goal of the ontology is to help users in linking the elements of their cases – claims and evidence – with the internationalized resource identifiers (IRIs) of represented concepts, events and data, and in evaluating the validity of their argument.

Diagrams back to ToC

OntoGSN Core GSN module diagram
Core GSN.
OntoGSN Argument Pattern extension module diagram
Argument Pattern Extension.
OntoGSN Modular extension module diagram
Modular Extension.
OntoGSN Confidence Argument extension module diagram
Confidence Argument Extension.
OntoGSN Dialectic extension module diagram
Dialectic Extension.

Namespace declarations

Table 1: Namespaces used in the document
cc <http://creativecommons.org/ns#>
dc <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
gsn <https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology>
ontology <https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#>
owl <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
rdf <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
rdfs <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
schema <http://schema.org/>
skos <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
swrl <http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrl#>
swrla <http://swrl.stanford.edu/ontologies/3.3/swrla.owl#>
swrlb <http://www.w3.org/2003/11/swrlb#>
terms <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
vann <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/>
xml <http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace>
xsd <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

Overview back to ToC

Classes

Object Properties

Data Properties

Annotation Properties

SWRL Rules

Cross-reference back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by OntoGSN.

Classes

Argumentc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Argument

A body of information presented with the intention to establish one or more claims through the presentation of related supporting claims, evidence and contextual information.
has super-classes
is in domain of
argument type dp, contains op, final dp, instantiation of op, published dp, statement dp, structured dp
is in range of
associated with op, contains op

Artefactc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Artefact

is in range of
contains op, refers to op

Artefact Referencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#ArtefactReference

has super-classes
GSN Element c
has sub-classes
Context c, Solution c
is in domain of
associated with op, assurance claim point dp, refers to op

Assumptionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Assumption

An assumption, rendered as an oval with the letter 'A' at the top- or bottom-right, presents an intentionally unsubstantiated statement.
has super-classes
GSN Element c
is in domain of
away dp, consistent with op, public dp
is in range of
consistent with op, in context of op

Assurance Casec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#AssuranceCase

A reasoned and compelling argument, supported by a body of evidence, that a system, service or organisation will operate as intended for a defined application in a defined environment.
has super-classes
is in domain of
contains op, in doubt dp

Cataloguec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Catalogue

A pattern catalogue may be created to collate a series of patterns; where such a catalogue is created the structure and format of the definition should be consistent and each pattern’s definition should have a unique {pattern identifier}.
has super-classes

Contextc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Context

A context, rendered as shown left, presents a contextual artefact. This can be a reference to contextual information, or a statement.
has super-classes
Artefact Reference c
is in domain of
away dp, consistent with op, public dp
is in range of
consistent with op, in context of op

Defeaterc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Defeater

The source of challenge being applied; can be directed at any part of an argument. A defeater (goal or solution) can challenge any element in a goal structure, e.g. goal, solution, strategy, context, assumption, justification.
is equivalent to
Goal c or Solution c

Goalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Goal

(Claim is) A proposition being asserted by the author that is a true or false statement.
has super-classes
GSN Element c
is in domain of
away dp, challenges op, in context of op, public dp, supported by op, to be supported by contract dp, top (goal) dp, undeveloped dp
is in range of
supported by op

GSN Elementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#GSNElement

has super-classes
has sub-classes
Artefact Reference c, Assumption c, Goal c, Justification c, Module c, Strategy c
is in domain of
defeated dp, in doubt dp, instantiation of op, off-diagram dp, statement dp, true dp, uninstantiated dp, valid dp
is in range of
challenges op

Instantiation Data Referencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#InstantiationDataReference

This symbol indicates that the GSN argument below the attached element is to be instantiated as a template argument. It provides a reference to the information used to instantiate the template argument.
is in domain of
attached to op

Justificationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Justification

A justification, rendered as an oval with the letter 'J' at the top- or bottom-right, presents a statement of rationale.
has super-classes
GSN Element c
is in domain of
away dp, public dp, substituted by op
is in range of
in context of op

Modulec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Module

Goal structures can be partitioned into separate, but interrelated, modules. This can allow the division of an overall goal structure into separate goal structures focusing on particular aspects of the overall argument. A module may contain one or more arguments and may contain other modules.
has super-classes
GSN Element c
is in domain of
contains op, contract dp
is in range of
contains op, in context of op, supported by op

Patternc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Pattern

has super-classes
has sub-classes
Template c
is in domain of
applicability ap, collaboration ap, consequences ap, examples ap, implementation ap, intent ap, known uses ap, motivation ap, participants ap, related to op, structure ap
is in range of
instantiation of op, related to op

Relationshipc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Relationship

has super-classes
Statement c
has sub-classes
Relationship with Confidence c
is in domain of
choice dp, defeated dp, in doubt dp, maximum cardinality dp, minimum cardinality dp, multiple dp, optional dp, relationship type dp

Relationship with Confidencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#RelationshipWithConfidence

has super-classes
Relationship c
is in domain of
associated with op, assurance claim point dp

Solutionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Solution

A solution, rendered as a circle, presents a reference to an evidence item.
has super-classes
Artefact Reference c
is in domain of
away dp, challenges op, public dp
is in range of
supported by op

Strategyc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Strategy

A strategy, rendered as a parallelogram, describes the inference that exists between a goal and its supporting goal(s).
has super-classes
GSN Element c
is in domain of
in context of op, supported by op, undeveloped dp
is in range of
supported by op

Templatec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#Template

A template argument is a special case of a pattern argument. It uses the core GSN and argument pattern extension to construct an argument structure which requires no further development.
has super-classes
Pattern c
is in range of
attached to op

Viewc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#View

The argument view depicts the argument inside an individual module.
is in domain of
view type dp

Object Properties

associated withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#associatedWith

has domain
Artefact Reference c or Relationship with Confidence c
has range
Argument c

attached toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#attachedTo

has domain
Instantiation Data Reference c
has range
Template c

challengesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#challenges

Allows a Challenge to any GSN entity to be documented. A goal, (core element) can be used in a dialectic context to assert a challenge to part of the argument. A solution, (core element) can be used to present a reference to an evidence item that asserts a challenge to part of the argument.
has domain
Goal c or Solution c
has range
GSN Element c

consistent withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#consistentWith

By making the relationship to the away goal the author is asserting not only the inference of support for the parent goal, but also that the context in which the away goal is declared is consistent with the context and assumptions in scope for the parent goal.

has characteristics: symmetric

has domain
Assumption c or Context c
has range
Assumption c or Context c

containsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#contains

has domain
Argument c or Assurance Case c or Module c
has range
Argument c or Artefact c or Module c

in context ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#inContextOf

InContextOf, rendered as a line with a hollow arrowhead, declares a contextual relationship.

has characteristics: asymmetric, irreflexive

has domain
Goal c or Strategy c
has range
Assumption c or Context c or Justification c or Module c

instantiation ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#instantiationOf

has domain
Argument c or GSN Element c
has range
Pattern c

refers toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#refersTo

has domain
Artefact Reference c
has range
Artefact c

related toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#relatedTo

This section can be used to reference patterns that are related e.g. addressing the same intent in a different context.
has domain
Pattern c
has range
Pattern c

substituted byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#substitutedBy

There may be occasions when a goal or strategy requires fuller justification than can be provided within the confines of a GSN justification element. In such cases, an away goal can be substituted for the justification.
has domain
Justification c
has range
Goal c and (away dp value true)

supported byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#supportedBy

SupportedBy, rendered as a line with a solid arrowhead, allows support relationships between elements to be documented.

has characteristics: asymmetric, irreflexive

has domain
Goal c or Strategy c
has range
Goal c or Module c or Solution c or Strategy c

Data Properties

argument typedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#argumentType

has domain
Argument c
has range
{ "confidence" , "dialectic" , "risk" }

assurance claim pointdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#assuranceClaimPoint

An Assurance Claim Point (ACP) can be used in GSN to indicate that a confidence argument is associated with an assertion in a risk argument.
has domain
Artefact Reference c or Relationship with Confidence c
has range
boolean

awaydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#away

An away element reference repeats a claim or evidence presented in another argument module.
has domain
Assumption c or Context c or Goal c or Justification c or Solution c
has range
boolean

choicedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#choice

A GSN choice can be used to denote possible alternatives in satisfying a relationship.
has domain
Relationship c
has range
boolean

contractdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#contract

A contract module is a special type of module that controls the relationship between argument module interfaces using arguments to define how a goal in one module is supported by one or more goals in one or more other modules.
has domain
Module c
has range
boolean

defeateddp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#defeated

This decorator symbol indicates that the element is defeated. The Defeated decorator can be applied to any of the GSN elements.
has domain
GSN Element c or Relationship c
has range
boolean

finaldp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#final

has domain
Argument c
has range
boolean

in doubtdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#inDoubt

The dialectic challenge within this structure asserts that if the claim presented in Goal CG1 is true then this is sufficient to establish that the claim in Goal G1 in the original structure is in doubt.
has domain
Assurance Case c or GSN Element c or Relationship c
has range
boolean

maximum cardinalitydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#maxCardinality

has domain
Relationship c
has range
non Negative Integer

minimum cardinalitydp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#minCardinality

has domain
Relationship c
has range
non Negative Integer

multipledp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#multiple

has domain
Relationship c
has range
boolean

off-diagramdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#offDiagram

has domain
GSN Element c
has range
boolean

optionaldp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#optional

Optional instantiation means that the relationship and the argument below may or may not be instantiated.
has domain
Relationship c
has range
boolean

publicdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#public

This indicates that the element is publicly visible in one or more interfaces of the module and can be referenced as an away element.
has domain
Assumption c or Context c or Goal c or Justification c or Solution c
has range
boolean

publisheddp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#published

has domain
Argument c
has range
boolean

relationship typedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#relationshipType

An evidential relationship is a declared relationship between a claim and an evidence item by which the claim is substantiated. An inferential relationship is a declared inference between claims in the argument. A contextual relationship draws attention to explanatory contextual information.
has domain
Relationship c
has range
{ "contextual" , "evidential" , "inferential" }

statementdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#statement

has domain
Argument c or GSN Element c
has range
string

structureddp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#structured

A particular kind of argument where the relationships between the asserted claims, and from the evidence to the claims, are explicitly represented.
has domain
Argument c
has range
boolean

to be supported by contractdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#toBeSupportedByContract

has domain
Goal c
has range
boolean

top (goal)dp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#top

A GSN Goal that presents the pinnacle claim in an argument. It is ‘top’ in terms of the argument hierarchy, rather than necessarily its physical layout. There may be more than one top goal in a GSN structure.
has domain
Goal c
has range
boolean

truedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#true

has domain
GSN Element c
has range
boolean

undevelopeddp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#undeveloped

Undeveloped element decorator, rendered as a hollow diamond applied to the bottom centre of an element, indicates that a line of argument has not been developed.
has domain
Goal c or Strategy c
has range
boolean

uninstantiateddp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#uninstantiated

has domain
GSN Element c
has range
boolean

validdp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#valid

has domain
GSN Element c
has range
boolean

view typedp back to ToC or Data Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#viewType

has domain
View c
has range
{ "architecture" , "argument" }

Annotation Properties

abstractap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/abstract

alt Labelap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#altLabel

applicabilityap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#applicability

The applicability section should state under what circumstances the pattern can be applied, making clear the assumptions and principles underlying the pattern to avoid inappropriate application in a mismatched context. This section should record what contextual information is required in order to apply the pattern.
has domain
Pattern c

bibliographic Citationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation

citationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/citation

collaborationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#collaboration

The collaboration section should describe how elements of the pattern work together to achieve the desired effect, particularly where there are links that are not readily apparent from the argument structure.
has domain
Pattern c

consequencesap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#consequences

The consequences section should make clear what work remains after the pattern has been applied. This should highlight where further support to the argument is required, and assumptions that need to be discharged.
has domain
Pattern c

contributorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor

core or extensionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#coreOrExtension

Indicator of the sourcing section in the GSN Community Standard v3.

createdap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/created

createdap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/terms/created

creatorap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

definitionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#definition

descriptionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description

descriptionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/description

is also defined as
data property

disclaimerap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/disclaimer

examplesap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#examples

It may be useful to provide example illustrations of the application of the pattern, particularly for more abstract patterns. Illustrations should include a typical case and can be supplemented with atypical cases where more than one example is provided.
has domain
Pattern c

identifierap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/identifier

implementationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#implementation

The implementation section should communicate how the application of the pattern is carried out e.g. the order in which elements should be developed; communicate hints or techniques that may ease successful application; highlight common or recognised pitfalls with the application of the pattern; and record potential misinterpretation of the terms or concepts in the pattern.
has domain
Pattern c

intentap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#intent

The intent statement should state clearly what the pattern aims to achieve.
has domain
Pattern c

is Rule Enabledap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://swrl.stanford.edu/ontologies/3.3/swrla.owl#isRuleEnabled

issuedap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/issued

known usesap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#knownUses

It may be useful to provide references to known applications of the pattern. These can serve as additional examples.
has domain
Pattern c

licenseap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://creativecommons.org/ns#license

licenseap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/license

modifiedap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/modified

motivationap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#motivation

The motivation statement can be used to state why the pattern was created. It could be expressed in terms of previous experiences e.g. as the abstraction of a successfully presented argument, or challenges addressed e.g. argument topics that are often incompletely or poorly addressed.
has domain
Pattern c

noteap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#note

participantsap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#participants

The participants section augments the structure by providing a description of each element. This can provide more complete descriptions, clarify the role of the element in the overall argument and emphasise the aspects that require development or instantiation.
has domain
Pattern c

preferred Namespace Prefixap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix

publisherap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/publisher

rendered asap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#renderedAs

sourceap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/source

structureap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: https://w3id.org/OntoGSN/ontology#structure

The structure uses the structural and element abstraction notations to present the pattern, clearly indicating where the argument needs to be further developed or populated with details to instantiate the pattern for a specific case.
has domain
Pattern c

titleap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title

urlap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/url

versionap back to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://schema.org/version

SWRL rules

Assumption Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is an Assumption AND A is NOT valid AND B is in context of A THEN B is NOT valid



Assumption c(?A) , valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , in context of op(?B,?A) -> valid dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Contextual Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF R has subject A AND A is in context of B AND R has object B THEN R is a contextual relationship



subject op(?R,?A) , in context of op(?A,?B) , object op(?R,?B) -> relationship type dp(?R,"contextual")

Evidential Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF B is a Solution AND A is supported by B AND R has subject A AND R has object B THEN R is an evidential relationship



Solution c(?B) , supported by op(?A,?B) , subject op(?R,?A) , object op(?R,?B) -> relationship type dp(?R,"evidential")

Inferential Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF B is a Goal AND A is supported by B AND R has subject A AND R has object B THEN R is an inferential relationship



Strategy c(?B) , supported by op(?A,?B) , subject op(?R,?A) , object op(?R,?B) -> relationship type dp(?R,"inferential")

Goal Inferenceback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF X is supported by A AND A is supported by B AND A is a Goal THEN A is NOT a top-level goal



supported by op(?A,?B) , subject op(?R,?A) , object op(?R,?B) , Goal c(?B) -> relationship type dp(?R,"inferential")

Top Goal Flagback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF R1 has subject A, predicate P, and object B AND R2 has subject B, predicate P, and object C AND R3 has subject C, predicate P, and object A THEN R1 is NOT valid AND R2 is NOT valid AND R3 is NOT valid



supported by op(?X,?A) , supported by op(?A,?B) , Goal c(?A) -> top (goal) dp(?A,"false"^^boolean)

Predicate Conflict Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is NOT true AND B is true AND B is supported by A AND A is a Goal THEN B is NOT valid



object op(?R3,?A) , subject op(?R1,?A) , subject op(?R2,?B) , subject op(?R3,?C) , predicate op(?R3,?P) , predicate op(?R2,?P) , object op(?R1,?B) , object op(?R2,?C) , predicate op(?R1,?P) -> valid dp(?R1,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?R2,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?R3,"false"^^boolean)

Contradictory Goal Truthback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF C is true AND B is false AND C is supported by B and A AND A is true AND A and B are Goals THEN C is NOT valid



true dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , true dp(?B,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?B,?A) , Goal c(?A) -> valid dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Tri-Goal Conflictback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is a Solution AND B is supported by A AND A is true THEN B becomes true



true dp(?C,"true"^^boolean) , true dp(?B,"false"^^boolean) , supported by op(?C,?B) , true dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?C,?A) , Goal c(?A) , Goal c(?B) -> valid dp(?C,"false"^^boolean)

True Solution Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is a Solution AND B is supported by A AND A is true THEN B becomes true



Solution c(?A) , supported by op(?B,?A) , true dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) -> true dp(?B,"true"^^boolean)

False Solution Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is a Solution AND A is NOT true AND B is supported by A THEN B becomes NOT true



Solution c(?A) , true dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , supported by op(?B,?A) -> true dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Mixed Support Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF B is NOT valid AND A is valid AND C is supported by B and A THEN C is NOT valid



valid dp(?B,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?C,?B) , supported by op(?C,?A) -> valid dp(?C,"false"^^boolean)

Conflicting Supportback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A and B are Solutions AND B is NOT true AND B supports C AND A is true AND A supports C THEN C is NOT true



Solution c(?A) , Solution c(?B) , true dp(?B,"false"^^boolean) , supported by op(?C,?B) , true dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?C,?A) -> true dp(?C,"false"^^boolean)

Untrue Relation Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF R is NOT true AND R has subject A and object B AND A is in context of B AND R is a Relationship THEN A is NOT true



true dp(?R,"false"^^boolean) , subject op(?R,?A) , in context of op(?A,?B) , Relationship c(?R) , object op(?R,?B) -> true dp(?A,"false"^^boolean)

Untrue Assumption Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is an Assumption AND A is NOT true AND B is in context of A THEN B is NOT true



Assumption c(?A) , true dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , in context of op(?B,?A) -> true dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Context Inheritanceback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF B is supported by C AND B is in context of A AND A is an Assumption AND C is a Goal THEN C is in context of A



supported by op(?B,?C) , in context of op(?B,?A) , Assumption c(?A) , Goal c(?C) -> in context of op(?C,?A)

Support Relation Creationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is supported by B THEN Create R AND R has subject A and object B



supported by op(?A,?B) , makeOWLThing(?B,?R) -> subject op(?R,?A) , Relationship c(?R) , object op(?R,?B)

Context Relation Creationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is in context of B THEN Create R AND R has subject A and object B



in context of op(?A,?B) , makeOWLThing(?B,?R) -> subject op(?R,?A) , Relationship c(?R) , object op(?R,?B)

Final Pattern Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF B is an instantiation of Pattern C inside container A AND A is marked final AND A contains both B and C AND C is a Pattern THEN A is NOT valid



instantiation of op(?B,?C) , final dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , Pattern c(?C) , contains op(?A,?B) , contains op(?A,?C) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean)

Undeveloped Template Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is a Template AND there is an undeveloped Relation R whose subject is A AND A is published THEN A is NOT valid AND R is NOT valid



Template c(?A) , undeveloped dp(?R,"true"^^boolean) , subject op(?R,?A) , published dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Undeveloped Template Invalidation 2back to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is a Template AND there is an undeveloped Relation R whose subject is B AND A is published and contains B THEN A is NOT valid AND R is NOT valid



Template c(?A) , undeveloped dp(?R,"true"^^boolean) , subject op(?R,?B) , published dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , contains op(?A,?B) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Module Away Supportback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF M is a Module AND M contains A AND N is a Module AND N contains B AND A is supported by B AND M and N are distinct THEN B is away (in another Module)



contains op(?M,?A) , contains op(?N,?B) , supported by op(?A,?B) , Module c(?N) , Module c(?M) , notEqual(?M,?N) -> away dp(?B,"true"^^boolean)

Module Away Contextback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Module M contains A AND Module N contains B AND A is in context of B AND M and N are distinct Modules THEN B is away (in another Module)



contains op(?M,?A) , contains op(?N,?B) , Module c(?N) , in context of op(?A,?B) , Module c(?M) , notEqual(?M,?N) -> away dp(?B,"true"^^boolean)

Duplicate Identifier Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Module M contains both A and B AND A and B share the same schema identifier ID AND A and B are distinct THEN A is NOT valid AND B is NOT valid



contains op(?M,?B) , contains op(?M,?A) , identifier dp(?A,?ID) , Module c(?M) , notEqual(?A,?B) , identifier dp(?B,?ID) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Contract Violation Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Relationship R has object Module M1 AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND M2 contains A AND A is supported by M1 AND R has subject A AND M2 is under contract THEN R is NOT valid



object op(?R,?M1) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , contains op(?M2,?A) , supported by op(?A,?M1) , subject op(?R,?A) , contract dp(?M2,"true"^^boolean) -> valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Context Contract Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is in context of Module M1 AND Relationship R has object M1 AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND M2 contains A AND R has subject A AND M2 is under contract THEN R is NOT valid



in context of op(?A,?M1) , object op(?R,?M1) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , contains op(?M2,?A) , subject op(?R,?A) , contract dp(?M2,"true"^^boolean) -> valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Contract Support Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Module M contains A AND A is to be supported by contract AND M is under contract THEN A is NOT valid



contains op(?M,?A) , to be supported by contract dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , contract dp(?M,"true"^^boolean) , Module c(?M) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean)

Away Goal Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Relationship R links Goal G1 to Goal G2 AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND G1 is a Goal contained in M1 AND G2 is a Goal contained in M2 AND G1 is away and supported by G2 THEN R is NOT valid



subject op(?R,?G1) , Module c(?M1) , Goal c(?G1) , object op(?R,?G2) , Module c(?M2) , supported by op(?G1,?G2) , away dp(?G1,"true"^^boolean) , contains op(?M1,?G1) , contains op(?M2,?G2) -> valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Contract Activationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is away and must be supported by contract AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND A is in M1 AND B is in M2 AND A is supported by B AND M1 and M2 are distinct THEN M2 becomes a contract Module



away dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , to be supported by contract dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , contains op(?M1,?A) , contains op(?M2,?B) , supported by op(?A,?B) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) -> contract dp(?M2,"true"^^boolean)

Contract Relation Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Module M contains both A and B AND A is to be supported by contract and is supported by B AND Relationship R links A to B THEN R is NOT valid



contains op(?M,?B) , contains op(?M,?A) , to be supported by contract dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?A,?B) , subject op(?R,?A) , Module c(?M) , object op(?R,?B) -> valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean)

Context Consistencyback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF G1 is in context of C1 AND G2 is in context of C2 AND G1 and G2 are Goals AND G2 is away AND G1 is supported by G2 AND C2 is a Context THEN C1 is consistent with C2



in context of op(?G1,?C1) , in context of op(?G2,?C2) , Goal c(?G1) , Goal c(?G2) , away dp(?G2,"true"^^boolean) , supported by op(?G1,?G2) , Context c(?C2) -> consistent with op(?C1,?C2)

Substitution Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Module M2 contains Goal G AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND Justification J is substituted by G AND M1 contains J AND J is a Justification AND some element E is in context of J AND M1 and M2 are distinct THEN J is NOT valid



contains op(?M2,?G) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , substituted by op(?J,?G) , contains op(?M1,?J) , Justification c(?J) , in context of op(?E,?J) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) -> valid dp(?J,"false"^^boolean)

Module Support Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF M1 and M2 are Modules AND E1 in M1 is supported by E2 in M2 AND M1 and M2 are distinct THEN M1 is supported by M2



Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , supported by op(?E1,?E2) , contains op(?M1,?E1) , contains op(?M2,?E2) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) -> supported by op(?M1,?M2)

Module Context Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF M1 and M2 are Modules AND E1 in M1 is in context of E2 in M2 AND M1 and M2 are distinct THEN M1 is in context of M2



Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , contains op(?M1,?E1) , contains op(?M2,?E2) , in context of op(?E1,?E2) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) -> in context of op(?M1,?M2)

Cross-Module Supportback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF E1 is supported by Module M2 AND M1 and M2 are Modules AND M1 contains E1 AND M1 and M2 are distinct THEN M1 is supported by M2



supported by op(?E1,?M2) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , contains op(?M1,?E1) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) -> supported by op(?M1,?M2)

Circular Module Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF M1, M2 and M3 are Modules AND M1 is supported by M2 AND M2 is supported by M3 AND M3 is supported by M1 AND all three Modules are pairwise distinct THEN M1 is NOT valid AND M2 is NOT valid AND M3 is NOT valid



Module c(?M3) , Module c(?M1) , Module c(?M2) , notEqual(?M3,?M1) , supported by op(?M1,?M2) , supported by op(?M2,?M3) , notEqual(?M1,?M2) , notEqual(?M2,?M3) , supported by op(?M3,?M1) -> valid dp(?M1,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?M3,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?M2,"false"^^boolean)

Public Context Propagationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF G is a public Goal AND G is in context of C THEN C is public



public dp(?G,"true"^^boolean) , in context of op(?G,?C) , Goal c(?G) -> public dp(?C,"true"^^boolean)

Public Contract Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF C is a contract AND E is public AND C contains E THEN E is NOT valid



contract dp(?C,"true"^^boolean) , public dp(?E,"true"^^boolean) , contains op(?C,?E) -> valid dp(?E,"false"^^boolean)

Confidence Relation Creationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A is an Artefact Reference marked as an assurance claim point AND we introduce a reified confidence Relationship R for A THEN R is a Relationship with Confidence whose subject is A



assurance claim point dp(?A,"true"^^boolean) , Artefact Reference c(?A) , makeOWLThing(?A,?R) -> Relationship with Confidence c(?R) , subject op(?R,?A)

Duplicate Name Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A has schema identifier N AND B has schema identifier M AND A and B are distinct AND N and M are equal THEN A is NOT valid AND B is NOT valid



identifier dp(?A,?N) , identifier dp(?B,?M) , notEqual(?A,?B) , equal(?N,?M) -> valid dp(?A,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?B,"false"^^boolean)

Strategy Confidence Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G1 is supported by Strategy S AND S is supported by Goal G2 AND there is a Relationship with Confidence R1 from G1 to S associated with A THEN we create a Relationship with Confidence R2 from S to G2 associated with the same A AND mark R2 as an assurance claim point



supported by op(?G1,?S) , supported by op(?S,?G2) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R1) , makeOWLThing(?G2,?R2) , Strategy c(?S) , Goal c(?G1) , Goal c(?G2) , object op(?R1,?S) , associated with op(?R1,?A) , subject op(?R1,?G1) -> subject op(?R2,?S) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R2) , object op(?R2,?G2) , associated with op(?R2,?A) , assurance claim point dp(?R2,"true"^^boolean)

Goal-Strategy Confidenceback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G2 is supported by Strategy S AND S is supported by Goal G1 AND there is a Relationship with Confidence R1 from S to G1 associated with A THEN we create a Relationship with Confidence R2 from G2 to S associated with the same A AND mark R2 as an assurance claim point



supported by op(?G2,?S) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R1) , subject op(?R1,?S) , supported by op(?S,?G1) , makeOWLThing(?G2,?R2) , object op(?R1,?G1) , Strategy c(?S) , Goal c(?G1) , Goal c(?G2) , associated with op(?R1,?A) -> Relationship with Confidence c(?R2) , associated with op(?R2,?A) , assurance claim point dp(?R2,"true"^^boolean) , subject op(?R2,?G2) , object op(?R2,?S)

Solution Confidence Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G is supported by two distinct Solutions S1 and S2 AND there is a Relationship with Confidence R1 from G to S1 associated with A THEN we create a Relationship with Confidence R2 from G to S2 associated with the same A AND mark R2 as an assurance claim point



supported by op(?G,?S2) , Solution c(?S1) , object op(?R1,?S1) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R1) , makeOWLThing(?S2,?R2) , supported by op(?G,?S1) , Goal c(?G) , notEqual(?S1,?S2) , associated with op(?R1,?A) , subject op(?R1,?G) , Solution c(?S2) -> object op(?R2,?S2) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R2) , subject op(?R2,?G) , associated with op(?R2,?A) , assurance claim point dp(?R2,"true"^^boolean)

Goal Confidence Relationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G is supported by two distinct Goals S1 and S2 AND there is a Relationship with Confidence R1 from G to S1 associated with A THEN we create a Relationship with Confidence R2 from G to S2 associated with the same A AND mark R2 as an assurance claim point



supported by op(?G,?S2) , Goal c(?S1) , object op(?R1,?S1) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R1) , makeOWLThing(?S2,?R2) , supported by op(?G,?S1) , Goal c(?S2) , Goal c(?G) , notEqual(?S1,?S2) , associated with op(?R1,?A) , subject op(?R1,?G) -> object op(?R2,?S2) , Relationship with Confidence c(?R2) , subject op(?R2,?G) , associated with op(?R2,?A) , assurance claim point dp(?R2,"true"^^boolean)

Challenge Defeatback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF S is a valid Solution AND S challenges E THEN E is defeated



valid dp(?S,"true"^^boolean) , challenges op(?S,?E) , Solution c(?S) -> defeated dp(?E,"true"^^boolean)

Defeated Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF E is defeated THEN E is NOT valid



defeated dp(?E,"true"^^boolean) -> valid dp(?E,"false"^^boolean)

Challenge Doubtback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G challenges E AND G is true THEN E is in doubt



challenges op(?G,?E) , true dp(?G,"true"^^boolean) , Goal c(?G) -> in doubt dp(?E,"true"^^boolean)

Undeveloped Defeatback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Goal G challenges E AND G is NOT undeveloped AND E is in doubt THEN E is defeated



undeveloped dp(?G,"false"^^boolean) , challenges op(?G,?E) , Goal c(?G) , in doubt dp(?E,"true"^^boolean) -> defeated dp(?E,"true"^^boolean)

Challenge Relation Creationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A challenges B AND we reify this challenge as a Relationship R THEN R is a reified Relationship with subject A and object B



challenges op(?A,?B) , makeOWLThing(?B,?R) -> subject op(?R,?A) , Relationship c(?R) , object op(?R,?B)

Challenge Chain Invalidationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF Defeater D challenges Relationship R between Goals G3 (subject) and G1 (object) AND G1 and G3 are Goals AND we introduce a Strategy S for G3 and another Goal G2 distinct from G1 AND G3 is supported by G1 THEN Strategy S is supported by G1 and G2 AND G3 is supported by S AND D now challenges S AND D, S and R are all marked NOT valid



challenges op(?D,?R) , subject op(?R,?G3) , object op(?R,?G1) , Goal c(?G1) , Goal c(?G3) , makeOWLThing(?G3,?S) , Goal c(?G2) , supported by op(?G3,?G1) , notEqual(?G1,?G2) -> supported by op(?S,?G2) , supported by op(?G3,?S) , valid dp(?D,"false"^^boolean) , supported by op(?S,?G1) , challenges op(?D,?S) , valid dp(?S,"false"^^boolean) , valid dp(?R,"false"^^boolean) , Strategy c(?S)

Defeater Declarationback to ToC or SWRL ToC

Human-readable: IF A challenges B THEN A is a Defeater



challenges op(?A,?B) -> Defeater c(?A)

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties

Acknowledgments back to ToC

We thank Yannick Landeck, Radouane Bouchekir, Tewodros Beyene, Laure Millet and Carmen Carlan for feedback. Additionally, we thank Will Franks from Adelard (ASCE), Laure Millet from Critical Systems Lab (Socrates) and Ewen Denney from NASA Ames Research Center (AdvoCATE) for providing access to their respective tools. This work was conducted using Protégé.

The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.